The Methodology of Doppler-Derived Central Blood Flow Measurements in Newborn Infants

Central blood flow (CBF) measurements are measurements in and around the heart. It incorporates cardiac output, but also measurements of cardiac input and assessment of intra- and extracardiac shunts. CBF can be measured in the central circulation as right or left ventricular output (RVO or LVO) and/or as cardiac input measured at the superior vena cava (SVC flow). Assessment of shunts incorporates evaluation of the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale. This paper describes the methodology of CBF measurements in newborn infants. It provides a brief overview of the evolution of Doppler ultrasound blood flow measurements, basic principles of Doppler ultrasound, and an overview of all used methodology in the literature. A general guide for interpretation and normal values with suggested cutoffs of CBFs are provided for clinical use

Die onderwys strewe van die UDF

The educational strivings of the UDF. There is a continual reaction to educational systems by other social groupings . In South Africa the different political groups are currently reacting to the existing educational system. Each of these political groups has different political aims and expectations. As political aims relate closely to educational aims, it follows that these political groups will have different educational aspirations. The United Democratic Front (UDF) is one of the prominent political group s active in the educational field. This article discusses the educational aspirations of the UDF and endeavours to draw some conclusions. The UDF’s involvement in education takes place via its various affiliates concerned with education. It is possible to deduce what the UDF's educational aspirations are by investigating these affiliates. Presently the UDF's most important contribution to education is its involvement with the National Education Crisis Committee (NECC), which implicates its involvement with People's Education. It can therefore be deduced that the educational aspirations of the UDF are reflected in the principle s of People's Education

HIV/AIDS, Security and Conflict: New Realities, New Responses

Ten years after the HIV/AIDS epidemic itself was identified as a threat to international peace and security, findings from the three-year AIDS, Security and Conflict Initiative (ASCI)(1) present evidence of the mutually reinforcing dynamics linking HIV/AIDS, conflict and security

Clinical use of a portable electronic device to measure haematocrit

A small portable device called the blood electrometer (HEM) was developed to assist clinicians to distinguish patients with extreme blood loss from those with normal packed cell volumes. Blood was collected in 5 ml lithium heparin tubes from 80 normal controls and 24 patients in an intensive care unit. BEM and accurate microcentrifugal techniques were compared. Intraclass correlation coefficients between the techniques of r =0,96 and r =0,93 were found in the normal controls and patients respectively. Because the BEM operates on the principle of conductivity, changes in some of the biochemical variables which could influence conductivity were investigated in the patients. Mean plasma total protein and albumin concentrations were lower compared with normal reference ranges. Six of the 24 patients were acidotic and 4 alkalotic. Leucocyte counts obtained randomly from 13 patients were elevated. Changes in measurements which could influence conductivity did not affect the BEM reading. We conclude that the portable BEM could be of great value in circumstances where a fixed power source is not available and rapid haematocrit measurements in a large number of patients are required

The Role of Performance Management in the High Performance Organisation

The allegiance of partnering organisations and their employees to an Extended Enterprise performance is its proverbial sword of Damocles. Literature on Extended Enterprises focuses on collaboration, inter-organizational integration and learning to avoid diminishing or missing allegiance becoming an issue. In this paper we will argue that interrelating the marketing literature on the Service Logic with the performance management literature on Extended Enterprises will provide a new perspective on how to deal with this issue. Simultaneously flexible co-­‐created performance indicators play a key role in enhancing this perspective

Celebrating the continued importance of "Machiavellian Intelligence" 30 years on

The question of what has shaped primates’ (and other species’) cognitive capacities, whether technical or social demands, remains a hot topic of inquiry. Indeed, a key area of study within the field of comparative psychology in the last few decades has been the focus on social life as a driving force behind the evolution of cognition, studied from behavioral and neurological perspectives and from theoretical and empirical perspectives. Reflecting on contemporary studies of primate social cognition specifically, one cannot ignore the book, Machiavellian Intelligence, coedited by Richard Byrne and Andrew Whiten (Byrne & Whiten, 1988a). It is a keystone for the field: The volume as a whole has been cited over 3,000 times, without even including citations to individual chapters. This year, 2018, is the 30th anniversary of the first publication of Machiavellian Intelligence, and with this special issue of the Journal of Comparative Psychology, we mark that milestone. The key concept put forth in Machiavellian Intelligence was that primates’ sociocognitive abilities were shaped by the complex social worlds that they inhabited, rather than the technical or foraging challenges that they faced, as had previously been posited. In this issue, we consider the strength of the Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis 30 years on to explain primate social cognition, and we consider its applicability to nonprimate species and to other cognitive domains